Context sensitivity and productivity are not incompatible
On April 21 my post began "In “Skepticism, Stroud, and the Contextuality of Knowledge” [See that post for reference], I endorsed a view of meaning that I called “contextualism” (which I credited to Charles Travis, who in turn credits Austin and Wittgenstein, although the versions of each of these three philosophers—as well as, no doubt, mine—have significant differences, as I am sure Travis would agree). A key notion that I used in that essay is “truth-evaluable content”. Sanjit Chakraborty has asked me to say more about that notion, and I shall do that in forthcoming posts."
Four days later, the Nepal earthquake occurred, and because one of my grandchildren, Lauren Chin, was trekking near the epicenter I forgot about this plan (she and her group are all fine and back home now). But the promised "forthcoming posts" will now come. First, however, I need to dispel a widespread confusion, namely the mistaken idea that contextualism is incompatible with the "productivity" of language.
The
argument that we can understand (idealizing radically) an "endless number
of sentences" always turns on recursive aspects of language. There are recursive
rules that enable me to understand "If Fa then Ga". "Every F
loves some G", etc., etc.,if I understand what F refers to, what G
refers to, etc. But where context-sensitivity enters is in the fact
that F, G, etc; can refer to different things in different contexts (each of
which generates a further infinity of possible sentences, in which "being
an F",etc., is understood in each of these ways).On one understanding of
"rational" , for example, "all men are rational" might
count as true, and on another as obviously false!
"Productivity" is explained by the fact that our minds do employ
recursions; and the truth conditions of the "endless number of
sentences" generated by any recursive scheme - say, the rules of predicate
calculus - do not depend on context sensitivity once
the reference of F, G, etc. have been fixed But in practice our
predicates, or the great majority of them, have different understandings in
different contexts.
Sentence
meaning in my philosophy is described just as it is in the traditional theory.
by describing word meanings and describing the semantics of
the logical words and other structural elements that we need to
combine words to make sentences. The difference between my philosophy
and traditional views (internalist or context insensitive theories) has to do
with word meanings. not with how we get from word meanings to sentence meanings
What
determines truth conditions is not word meaning, which I take to be described
by "core facts" (in "Is Semantics Possible" - the
"normal form" of "The Meaning of 'Meaning'") in the
case of natural kind words - and I say in the latter essay that I
take it to be the task of linguistics, not philosophy to
classify the different sorts of words there are in natural languages,
and to devise appropriate ways of representing their meanings (but not to
devise ways of representing all the possible ways those meanings could
themselves be understood in different contexts). What
determines truth conditions is word meaning as understood by a speaker
in a context. Even a simple word like "chair" has an
enormous number of ways in which it could be understood
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